基质冲击对ANAMMOX颗粒释放AHLs及颗粒特性的影响

从群体感应角度考察基质冲击对ANAMMOX颗粒特性的影响,以期为提高ANAMMOX颗粒抗基质冲击能力提供理论指导与借鉴.结果表明,24h 1500mg/L总氮冲击刺激颗粒AHLs释放量由4.3大幅增加至10.0,同时颗粒结合性胞外聚合物（B-EPS）过量释放（增加了107.3mg/g VSS）,导致颗粒沉降性能下降（密度和沉速分别降低了53%和33%）.但基质浓度恢复至稳定期水平后,AHLs释放量逐渐恢复至稳定期水平,同时B-EPS产量和颗粒性状也逐渐恢复至稳定期水平,推测基质冲击导致AHLs释放量的变化进而引起B-EPS产量的变化.批次试验结果进一步证实了基质浓度显著影响AHLs释放量,B-EPS产量与AHLs释放量密切相关.总氮浓度为1000mg/L时,AHLs释放量高达11.7,导致B-EPS中的松散结合性EPS（LB-EPS）相比总氮浓度为200mg/L时增加了69mg/g VSS,颗粒沉降性能下降.然而紧密结合性EPS（TB-EPS）含量不受基质浓度影响,认为LB-EPS是决定颗粒沉降能力的关键因素.低浓度抑制剂可有效抑制高基质浓度引起的AHLs过量释放,使LB-EPS产量降低36%,颗粒沉降性能和活性得以提高.     

Development of a model to simulate soil heavy metals lateral migration quantity based on SWAT in Huanjiang watershed, China

Lateral transportation of soil heavy metals in rainfall events could significantly increase the scope of pollution. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a model with high accuracy to simulate the migration quantity of heavy metals. A model for heavy metal migration simulation was developed based on the SWAT(Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model. This model took into consideration the influence of soil p H value, soil particle size, runoff volume, sediment amount,concentration of water-soluble heavy metals dissolved in runoff and insoluble absorbed to the soil particles. This model was reasonable in Huanjiang watershed, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, south China, covering an area of 273 km~2. The optimal drainage area threshold was determined by analyzing the effects of watershed subdivision on the simulation results to ensure the simulation accuracy. The main conclusions of this paper were:(1) watershed subdivision could affect simulation migration quantity of heavy metals;(2) the quantity of heavy metals transported by sediment accounted for 97%–99% of the total migration quantity in the study watershed. Therefore, sediment played the most important role in heavy metal migration;(3) the optimal drainage area threshold percentage to ensure high simulation accuracy was determined to be 2.01% of the total watershed;(4) with the optimal threshold percentage, this model could simulate the migration quantity of As, Pb and Cd accurately at the total watershed and subwatershed level. The results of this paper were useful for identifying the key regions with heavy metal migration.     

Response of the sediment geochemistry of the Changjiang River (Yangtze River) to the impoundment of the Three Gorges Dam

Based on the measurement of major and trace elements in suspended sediments in the low reaches of the Changjiang River during throughout a whole hydrologic year, the origins, seasonal variations, and fluxes of multielements and the human impacts on multielements transport processes have been analyzed along with the influence of weathering in the Changjiang River basin. The results show that most element contents were high in both autumn and winter and low in summer, which was largely caused by the dilution of discharge. Weathering detritus in the Changjiang River basin is the main source of most elements in suspended sediments. However, riverine pollution could bring more loadings of Cd, Pb, As and Zn into river water than it did a few decades ago. The annual average fluxes of Cd, Pb and Zn, which are major contamination elements, to the sea were 179 ± 21 tons/year, 7810 ± 675 tons/year, and 12,000 ± 1320 tons/year,respectively, in which approximately 8.7%, 11.9% and 2.7% of their loadings, respectively,were contributed by pollution inputs. Element exports mainly occurred in the summer(44.4%–57.4%) in the lower part of the Changjiang River. A general relationship between sediment retention and element content suggests a positive feedback mechanism for the decreased number of particles, in which element riverine loadings are reduced due to the enhanced trapping effect by the Three Gorges Dam(TGD). Compared to those in 1980,current element shares of the Changjiang River compared to the global budget have declined due to the construction of the TGD.     

Enzyme-electrolytic degradation of dichloromethane: Efficiency, kinetics and mechanism

Enzymatic electrolysis cell(EEC) has advantages over microbial electrolysis cell(MEC) due to the needless of microbe inoculation and high-efficiency of enzymatic reaction. In this study, an EEC was first applied to achieve the effective degradation of halogenated organic pollutants and dichloromethane(CH_2Cl_2) was utilized as a model pollutant. The results indicate that the degradation efficiency of CH_2Cl_2 after 2 hr reaction in the EEC was almost100%, which was significantly higher than that with enzyme(51.1%) or current(19.0%). The current induced the continuous regeneration of reduced glutathione(GSH), thus CH_2Cl_2 was degraded under the catalysis of GSH-dependent dehalogenase through stepwise dechlorination, and successively formed monochloromethane(CH_3Cl) and methane(CH_4). The kinetic result shows that with a current of 15 mA, the maximum specific degradation rate of CH_2Cl_2(3.77 × 10~(-3) hr~(-1)) was increased by 5.7 times. The optimum condition for CH_2Cl_2 dechlorination was also obtained with pH, current and temperature of 7.0, 15 mA and 35°C,respectively. Importantly, this study helps to understand the behavior of enzymes and the fate of halogenated organic pollutants with EEC, providing a possible treatment technology for halogenated organic pollutants.     

电子束物理气相沉积制备热障涂层研究进展

介绍了电子束物理气相沉积设备的主要组成、工作原理和电子束物理气相沉积热障涂层的结构特点,并重点论述了工件转速、工件温度、靶材蒸汽入射角度、工件表面的粗糙度、粘结层预氧化、改性粘结层和双层陶瓷层等对电子束物理气相沉积热障涂层性能的影响。     

颗粒冲蚀对注射法制备C/C-ZrC-SiC复合材料 抗烧蚀性能的影响研究

目的采用ZrC和SiC复相陶瓷对C/C复合材料进行改性,研究改性后的复合材料受到颗粒冲蚀破坏的烧蚀行为。方法采用注射法将ZrC和SiC复相陶瓷前驱体引入到等温化学气相渗透法(ICVI)制备的低密度C/C复合材料中,再通过高温热处理、ICVI的方法制备出ZrC和SiC复相陶瓷改性的C/C(C/C-ZrC-SiC)复合材料,随后对制备的复合材料进行高速颗粒冲击实验破坏,并对破坏后的试样进行氧乙炔火焰烧蚀,研究其烧蚀行为。结果改性后的复合材料线冲蚀率和质量冲蚀率分别为253.1μm/s和79.8 mg/s,相较于同孔隙率的C/C复合材料分别降低了49.2%和61%。颗粒冲蚀破坏后C/C-ZrC-SiC复合材料的线烧蚀率和质量烧蚀率分别为4.26μm/s和1.44 mg/s,相比于同孔隙率的C/C复合材料,分别降低了37%和39%。结论由于引入的ZrC和SiC陶瓷相的硬度大于碳基体,C/C-ZrC-SiC复合材料在受到高速颗粒的冲击时,能通过硬质陶瓷相起到抗冲击作用,使得改性后的复合材料抗冲蚀性能大幅度提高。受到颗粒冲蚀破坏后的C/C-ZrC-SiC复合材料内部仍存在超高温陶瓷相,烧蚀过程中能够形成ZrO2骨架结构和SiO2球形颗粒,进而有效保护碳纤维和热解碳基体。     

密封包装容器微环境温湿度模型的建立与仿真

目的建立温湿度模型和仿真软件,对贮存环境下一段时间内包装容器微环境温湿度进行预计,为提前预测容器内产品的性能变化情况提供技术支撑。方法分析微环境温湿度与密封包装材料、环境的关系,建立温湿度模型,用有限元方法进行仿真,并用实测数据对仿真模型进行对比和验证。结果与试验实测结果相比较,温度仿真结果的最大相对误差不超过8%,湿度仿真结果的最大相对误差不超过11%。结论微环境温湿度仿真软件能对贮存时间较长、不同规格的包装容器微环境温湿度进行准确预计,具有良好的应用前景。     

地下水环境影响评价中污染物运移模拟软件的适宜性评估

目前国内外已发展了一系列成熟的地下水污染物运移模拟软件,但是软件功能各异,易造成使用者的选择困扰.为满足HJ 610—2016《环境影响评价技术导则地下水环境》（简称“《导则》”）中关于环境影响预测工作精细化的要求,对国内外常用饱和带和包气带污染物运移模拟软件的适宜性进行了评估.首先,针对三款常用饱和带污染物运移模拟软件BIOSCREEN、AT123D和MT3D,基于理想算例对比4组水动力条件设置下的计算结果,分析软件的适宜性;其次,针对《导则》中暂未给出的包气带污染物运移模拟软件,以FEMWATER为例探讨了包气带阻滞作用对于地下水环境影响评价的重要性.结果表明:①BIOSCREEN由于忽略了分子扩散作用,当Pe（Peclet数）为0.25×10-3时,其预测的污染源下游10 m处污染物浓度为AT123D和MT3D计算值的1.8倍,存在高估污染风险的可能.②相比污染源直接设置于潜水面的情景,污染物从距潜水面11 m的地表泄露,经过包气带后污染源强降低了24%,下游85 m处污染物浓度达到0.1 mg/L的时间延迟了390 d.③当地下水流速较慢,分子扩散作用相比对流作用占优势时,适用MT3D开展数值模拟或者采用AT123D进行解析预测;当对流作用占优势且水文地质条件接近解析解假设时,可利用BIOSCREEN粗估污染风险.研究显示,包气带污染物运移模拟软件有助于合理地预测污染物在地下水环境中的运移转化行为,从而更准确地估计污染源强和判定地下水环境污染风险.      

京津冀及周边地区大气污染综合立体观测网的建设与应用

京津冀及周边地区大气染污综合立体观测网针对的是大气重污染发生-演变-消散全过程的核心科学问题,通过制定适用于京津冀及周边地区的大气污染综合观测技术规范,建立了区域大气污染综合立体观测网,开展了近地面及大气边界层气象和大气化学过程的同步观测,构建了监测数据综合分析及共享应用平台,实现了大气环境多源数据综合管理业务化,为大气重污染成因研究提供精准数据集,提升了京津冀秋冬季重污染成因机制研究和精细化源解析的能力,推动了京津冀及周边地区空气质量的持续改善.京津冀及周边地区大气污染综合立体观测网开展了传输通道的加密观测,增加了背景站和手工采样点观测,建立了包括黑碳、氨和重金属等多要素的关键站点,并充分利用了服务于科学研究的超级站和垂直梯度观测技术.京津冀及周边地区大气污染综合立体观测网和数据平台的建立,实现了业务部门与科研部门数据的有效融合与综合管理业务化,具有效率高、代表性好、目的性强的特点,能够很好地应对决策部门不断提高的管理需求.观测网络和平台充分吸取了国外的先进技术和观测经验,保证了观测网长期稳定运行;通过综合环境空气质量监测预警和发布平台,为环境空气质量监测和污染成因综合研究提供技术支撑,最终为实现我国空气质量的全面改善奠定了坚实的基础.      

基于地基观测及源清单的2017-2019年德州市秋冬季大气污染防治效果评估

为评估污染减排措施实施效果,基于地基观测及排放清单数据,运用WRF中尺度气象模型和CAMx空气质量模型,对德州市2017-2019年秋冬季大气污染攻坚实施效果进行了评估.结果表明,2017-2018年秋冬季,德州市ρ（PM_2.5）同比下降31.7%,高于京津冀及周边地区平均水平（25.6%）,大气污染攻坚措施成效显著;2018-2019年秋冬季,德州市ρ（PM_2.5）同比增加8.5%,高于京津冀及周边地区平均水平（4.2%）,这与不利气象条件及排放量同比减少有关.观测结果显示,2018-2019秋冬季,德州市PM_2.5中无机组分、一次排放示踪物以及SO₂和CO等气态前体物浓度较上一年度呈下降趋势,ρ（SOA）（SOA为二次有机气溶胶）、ρ（NH₄+）同比有大幅增长,增幅分别为53.8%和19.1%,这与大气中VOCs（挥发性有机物,增加46.5%）及大气氧化性（增加6.4%）的增加密切相关,表明德州市复合型大气污染加剧,PM_2.5防控难度加大.综合气象和减排评估结果可知,2017-2018年秋冬季,气象条件（13.4%）和长效措施（9.4%）是德州市PM_2.5改善的两个主要因素;2018-2019年秋冬季,长效措施减排效果较为有限,减排主要来自预警应急（5.0%）和区域减排（5.2%）,若仅考虑不利气象条件的影响,将导致同比约19.9%的反弹.因此,持续深入推进长效减排措施,降低污染物排放水平,是德州市实现空气质量改善的根本途径.